前言:想要寫(xiě)出一篇令人眼前一亮的文章嗎?我們特意為您整理了5篇eat的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞范文,相信會(huì)為您的寫(xiě)作帶來(lái)幫助,發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的寫(xiě)作思路和靈感。
一、帶有由if 引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的句子,在人教版初中英語(yǔ)九年級(jí)就涉及到了這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其結(jié)構(gòu)按時(shí)間的概念分為三類(lèi):
1. 現(xiàn)在虛擬:假設(shè)的條件不符合現(xiàn)在的實(shí)際情況。主句謂語(yǔ)用would + 動(dòng)詞原形,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be 一律用were)。如:
If she were not so busy, she would come with me.
We would go with you if we had time.
If he were hungry he would eat the cake.
2. 過(guò)去虛擬;假設(shè)的條件不符合過(guò)去的實(shí)際情況。主句謂語(yǔ)用would + have +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞;從句的謂語(yǔ)用had + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。 如:
You would have caught the train if you had gotten earlier.
If I had known your telephone number, I would have rung.
3. 將來(lái)的虛擬:假設(shè)的條件不可能符合將來(lái)的實(shí)際情況。主句謂語(yǔ)用would + 動(dòng)詞原形;從句謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be 一律用were), 也可用were + to +動(dòng)詞原形,或用should+動(dòng)詞原形等。如:
If he came tomorrow, I would help him.
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not do that.
If I should fail, I would try again.
注:① 如果主句中有情態(tài)意義,可把would 改為could, might, should. 如:
If it weren’t so late we could have coffee.
If you had come earlier, you might have met him.
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.
② 如果從句中有動(dòng)詞had, should, were,可省略if, 但是采用倒裝句。如:
Had he seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
③ 如果主句謂語(yǔ)和從句謂語(yǔ)在時(shí)間上不一致,可根據(jù)情況作適當(dāng)調(diào)整,采用混合虛擬。如:
If he cared for money, he could have been very rich.
二、當(dāng)wish 的賓語(yǔ)從句表示難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)按時(shí)間情況,即對(duì)現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的時(shí)間用一般過(guò)去式,對(duì)過(guò)去的時(shí)間用過(guò)去完成時(shí),采取適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
I wish that he were here now.
I wish I had seen you yesterday.
How I wish I had been able to stay the rules without a mistake.
三、在would rather 后接的that 從句表示對(duì)“希望和猜測(cè)”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)按時(shí)間情況,采取適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M結(jié)構(gòu)。其中對(duì)如:
I would rather you came next Monday
I would rather I had visited Hong Kong last summer holiday.
四、表示決定和主張的動(dòng)詞如decide 和 insist 后面的賓語(yǔ)從句,表示要求,建議和命令的動(dòng)詞如demand ,propose, suggest 和 order 等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句,謂語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上也用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu),should 有時(shí)也可省略。如:
The dustmen decided that the strike should go on.
They insisted that we begin the work at once.
I demanded that he should answer.
I propose that we should hold a meeting tonight.
We suggested that she should set off at once.
The officer ordered that the shortest soldier come out of the line.
五、表示建議和命令的名詞和suggestion 和 order等后面的表示從句和同謂語(yǔ)從句,謂語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上也往往用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu),should 也可省略。如:
We are for the suggestion that a new lab be built near the lake .
The officer’s order was that all the soldiers get to the station before daybreak.
六、用it作形式主語(yǔ),decided,imperative,important,natural,strange等形容詞作表語(yǔ)的句子,真正主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)習(xí)慣也用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu),should 有時(shí)可省略。
It is decided that all members should be present.
It is imperative that the question be settled at once.
It is important that we should be prepared for this.
It is quite natural that he think so.
It is necessary that we (should) save every cent.
It is strange that he (should) do that.
七、有分詞短語(yǔ)或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或without 介詞短語(yǔ)作非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)的句子,謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)根據(jù)時(shí)間情況采用適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Not having done his work, he would not leave the office.
Given more time, I would have done it better.
I have a lot of work to do. Time permitting, I were to watch TV.
I had my hair cut off and sold ir because I couldn’t have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.
八、在省略非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)或該非真實(shí)條件由其它方式表達(dá)的句子,謂語(yǔ)也應(yīng)用含蓄的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
The gifts to him would have filled a railway car.
He would have given you more help, but he had been so busy.
九、對(duì)過(guò)去應(yīng)該做卻沒(méi)有做的事情表示責(zé)備的句子,謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該用“should + have + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞”的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields, he days when I had played and should have studied.
You should have been here five minutes ago.
十、在帶有before 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的句子中,如果表示“寧可…也不…”的愿望時(shí),謂語(yǔ)常用“would + 動(dòng)詞原形”的現(xiàn)在虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
He would die before he lied.
十一、由so that 和in order that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句,如表示不夠世界的愿望和猜測(cè),謂語(yǔ)習(xí)慣用“could 或might+ 動(dòng)詞原形” 等虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
The emperor gave the cheats some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.
十二、由as if 或 as though 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句等,表示夸張的比喻好猜測(cè)等時(shí),謂語(yǔ)可根據(jù)時(shí)間的情況,采用適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
He works very hard as if (though) he never intended to sleep.
十三、在用It is high time that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)在習(xí)慣上用將來(lái)虛擬等結(jié)構(gòu)。
It is high time that we should go home.
誤:I can’t get out of the habit to wake at six in the morning.
正:I can’t get out of the habit of waking at six in the morning.
析:表示做某事的習(xí)慣,英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上用 the habit of doing sth,而不用 the habit to do sth。注意,下面一句 habit 后用了不定式,但它不是修飾 habit 的定語(yǔ),而是句子的主語(yǔ):It is my habit to get up early every morning. 每天早起是我的習(xí)慣。
62. 他因犯謀殺罪而被處以絞刑。
誤:He was hung for murder.
正:He was hanged for murder.
析:hang 表示“懸掛”時(shí)為不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,其過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞是 hung;表示“吊死”“絞死”時(shí)為規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞是 hanged。
63. 這本書(shū)對(duì)小孩來(lái)說(shuō)屬不健康讀物。
誤:The book is not healthful reading for children.
正:The book is not healthy reading for children.
析:healthy 和 healthful 都可表示“有益于健康的”,但是有時(shí)我們說(shuō)的“健康”,不是針對(duì)本義而言的,而是用于其引申義,此時(shí)應(yīng)用 healthy 而不用 healthful。
64. 他們根本沒(méi)有希望成功。
誤:They have no hope to succeed.
正:They have no hope of succeeding 〔success〕.
析:hope(希望)用作名詞時(shí),其后通常不能接不定式作定語(yǔ),遇此情況可改用 of (doing) sth。又如:I have no hope of going. 我沒(méi)有希望去。
65. 不管航程多么短,這一班機(jī)上都有些吃的。
誤:However short is the journey, you always get something to eat on this airline.
正:However short the journey is, you always get something to eat on this airline.
析:however 表示“無(wú)論如何”“不管怎樣”時(shí),用法相當(dāng)于 no matter how,用以修飾形容詞或副詞,其詞序?yàn)椋篽owever +形容詞或副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。又如:Phone me when you arrive,however late it is. 你到達(dá)之后就給我打電話,不論多么晚也要打。
66. 她對(duì)他刻薄的話感到很傷心。
誤:She was seriously hurt by his unkind words.
正:She was deeply hurt by his unkind words.
析:hurt 既可以表示身體上的“受傷”“疼痛”,也可表示感情上的“傷害”。表示前者的意思時(shí)通常用 badly, bitterly, seriously, slightly 等副詞修飾;表示后者的意思時(shí)通常用 very (much), deeply, rather, greatly 等副詞修飾。
67. 是誰(shuí)最先想到在這里建核能電廠的?
誤:Who first thought of the idea to build a nuclear power plant here?
正:Who first thought of the idea of building a nuclear power plant here?
析:表示做某事的想法, the idea 后通常不接不定式,而接 of doing sth。又如:The idea of not having to get up early every morning is not quite practical. 不必每天早起的想法不很現(xiàn)實(shí)。注:the idea 后不接不定式,但是可接“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”,如:I had no idea what to say to her. 我不知道對(duì)她說(shuō)什么。類(lèi)似的用法還有:habit of doing sth 做某事的習(xí)慣, method of doing sth 做某事的方法, possibility of doing sth 做某事的可能性, hope of doing sth 做某事的希望。
68. 人口在過(guò)去25年內(nèi)增加了200%。
誤:Population has increased to 200% in the past 25 years.
正:Population has increased by 200% in the past 25 years.
析:表示增加了多少,動(dòng)詞 increase 后接介詞 by;表示增加到多少,后接介詞 to。如:It has increased by 20 percent in price. 它的價(jià)格已上漲20%。 His salary has been increased to $3,000. 他的工資已增加到3000美元。
69. 他堅(jiān)持要回到工作崗位,不再住醫(yī)院。
誤:He insisted going back to his work rather than stay in hospital.
誤:He insisted to go back to his work rather than stay in hospital.
正:He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital.
析:insist(堅(jiān)持)后既不能接不定式也不能接動(dòng)名詞,遇此情況應(yīng)用 insist on 〔upon〕 doing sth。記?。篿nsist 通常是個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞,若語(yǔ)義上需接賓語(yǔ),要借助介詞on, upon;有時(shí)它也用作及物動(dòng)詞,但其賓語(yǔ)通常只能是 that 從句,而不能是其他成分。順便說(shuō)一句,要表示堅(jiān)持要某人做某事,不能用于 insistto do sth,而用 insist on sb’s doing sth,如:He insisted on my staying there. 他堅(jiān)持要我留在那兒。
70. 他們都堅(jiān)持說(shuō)是這個(gè)男孩偷了錢(qián)。
誤:They insisted that the boy should steal the money.
正:They insisted that the boy had stolen the money.
析:insist 后接 that 從句時(shí),可用陳述語(yǔ)氣或虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其區(qū)別是:若表示“堅(jiān)持要”“一定要”,從句所指的內(nèi)容是一種尚未成為事實(shí)的想法,此時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)通常要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣(即用should+動(dòng)詞原形);若表示“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”,從句內(nèi)容指的是一種既成事實(shí)或完全能成為事實(shí)的決心等,此時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)要用陳述語(yǔ)氣,如:The doctor insisted that he (should) take the medicine, but he insisted that he was not ill. 醫(yī)生堅(jiān)持要他服此藥,但他堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他沒(méi)有病。
71. 我們將步行去那兒而不乘車(chē)去。
誤:We’ll go there on foot instead by bus.
正:We’ll go there on foot instead of by bus.
析:instead 是副詞,instead of 是介詞。要表示“用甲代替乙”這樣的意思,英語(yǔ)用“甲 instead of 乙”。注:這里所說(shuō)的甲乙可以是名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等。又如:Will you go to the party instead of me?你替我赴宴好嗎? Let’s play cards instead of watching TV. 咱們打牌吧,別看電視了。The situation is better instead of worse. 形勢(shì)是更好了,而不是更壞了。That increased instead of decreased our courage. 那不但沒(méi)有減弱反而增強(qiáng)了我們的勇氣。
72. 他是最不可能說(shuō)謊的人。
誤:He is the person who never tells a lie.
正:He is the last person to tell a lie.
析:上面誤句的實(shí)際意思是“他就是那個(gè)從不說(shuō)謊的人”,顯然與所給中文相去甚遠(yuǎn)。last 在此的意思“最不可能的”、“最不適合的”(=least likely or suitable),如:He’s the last person to trust with a secret. 他是最不可能保密的人。That is the last thing I should expect him to do. 我怎么也沒(méi)想到他會(huì)做出那種事來(lái)。
73. 英國(guó)廣播公司通常能及時(shí)播報(bào)新聞。
誤:The B.B.C. are not often late for the news.
關(guān)鍵詞:對(duì)立統(tǒng)一 單一條件 隱含條件 混合條件 改革教法
我們知道,語(yǔ)氣是一種動(dòng)詞形式體現(xiàn)了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)發(fā)生的真與假,如果運(yùn)作狀態(tài)是真的,就是陳述語(yǔ)氣;如果動(dòng)作狀態(tài)是假的,就是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
筆者認(rèn)為,在這部分語(yǔ)言知識(shí)教學(xué)中,應(yīng)避免直接講虛擬語(yǔ)氣,應(yīng)向?qū)W生先講英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)有三種語(yǔ)氣,陳述語(yǔ)氣、虛擬語(yǔ)氣和命令語(yǔ)氣。我們以前學(xué)過(guò)的16種時(shí)態(tài)即屬陳述語(yǔ)氣,再由陳述語(yǔ)氣向虛擬語(yǔ)氣過(guò)渡過(guò)來(lái),過(guò)渡過(guò)來(lái)之后,先講最基本的單一條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣,然后在此基礎(chǔ)上加深加寬。這樣可以破除學(xué)生對(duì)“語(yǔ)氣”的神秘感,輕輕地導(dǎo)入虛擬語(yǔ)氣。所謂單一條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣,指的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句和結(jié)果主句都在同一時(shí)間范圍之內(nèi)。通俗地講,即條件狀語(yǔ)從句和結(jié)果主句虛擬的時(shí)間是一致的。
其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主要形式如下:
一、表現(xiàn)在(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示純?nèi)坏募僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況)
條件從句用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式一般用were),主句用would/should/could/might等+動(dòng)詞原形。如:
1.We would go with you if we had time.如果我們現(xiàn)在有時(shí)間的話,我們會(huì)和你一起去的。(but in fact I don’t have any time,I will not go with you)
2.If you were a mouse and I were a cat,Iwould eat you. 如果現(xiàn)在你是老鼠我是貓,我會(huì)吃掉你,(But in fact you aren’t a mouse and I am not a cat, I will not eat you)
教法改革:在教學(xué)中要讓學(xué)生理解,單一條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣里與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其實(shí)質(zhì)是條件從句借用一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)形式(有時(shí)借用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式),主句借用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)形式,用來(lái)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的內(nèi)容,在這里學(xué)生已經(jīng)對(duì)陳述語(yǔ)氣里一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)形式很熟悉,這是因?yàn)樘摂M語(yǔ)氣沒(méi)有自己固定的謂語(yǔ)形式,只能“借用”陳述語(yǔ)氣里的某些謂語(yǔ)形式,要會(huì)借用即可,學(xué)生可以輕而易舉適應(yīng)此借用。在與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的單一條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣里,實(shí)際上可以細(xì)分為與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)的、相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣和與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)的相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,后者比前者形象生動(dòng)。形象地說(shuō),陳述語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣就像現(xiàn)實(shí)世界和虛擬世界一樣,現(xiàn)實(shí)世界有一個(gè)牛,虛擬世界就有一個(gè)“牛魔王”一樣,如:If it weren/’t rainimg ,we would not stay indoors。要是現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有(正在)下雨的話,我們就不會(huì)待在屋子里。該句條件從句屬于與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)、相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。目前教學(xué)中,有些教師僅教與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)、相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,實(shí)際上不全面不到位,存在盲區(qū)。上述1、2條件句屬于與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)、相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣;另外,條件從句和結(jié)果主句都存在“虛擬+被動(dòng)”的謂語(yǔ)形式,相當(dāng)一部分教師僅按傳統(tǒng)教法只講“虛擬+主動(dòng)”的謂語(yǔ)形式,這是不對(duì)的,應(yīng)改變之。如:If you worked least hard ,you would be fired by the boss .如果你現(xiàn)在工作最不努力,你會(huì)被老板解雇的。該句結(jié)果主句使用了“虛擬+被動(dòng)”的謂語(yǔ)形式。
二、表過(guò)去(與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)可能性不大的情況)
條件從句用had +過(guò)去分詞,主句用would /should/could/might等+have+過(guò)去分詞。如:
1.If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 如果你當(dāng)時(shí)來(lái)早一點(diǎn),你就會(huì)見(jiàn)到他(But in fact ,you didn’t come earlier ,you didn’t meet him.)
2.If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake. 我當(dāng)時(shí)要不是聽(tīng)了你的勸告,就犯大錯(cuò)誤了。(But in fact I took your advicea,Idid not make a bad mistake。)
教法改革:在教學(xué)中要不同于傳統(tǒng)教法,要讓學(xué)生理解,單一條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣里與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其實(shí)質(zhì)是條件從句借用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的形式,結(jié)果主句借用過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)的形式表達(dá)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反之內(nèi)容。在與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣里,實(shí)際上又細(xì)分為與一般過(guò)去時(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)、相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣和與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如:If he hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, he wouldn’t have been admitted into key university. 要是過(guò)去幾年沒(méi)有一直做艱苦努力,他不會(huì)被錄取到重點(diǎn)大學(xué)。該句條件從句是用了與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)相對(duì)的、相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,而上述句①句②句用了與一般過(guò)去時(shí)相反的、相對(duì)應(yīng)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,后者比前者生動(dòng);條件從句和結(jié)果主句都存在“虛擬+被動(dòng)”謂語(yǔ)形式,不要按傳統(tǒng)教法僅講教材上寫(xiě)到的“虛擬+主動(dòng)”謂語(yǔ)形式。如:If I had had time, the work world have been done. 如果我們當(dāng)時(shí)有時(shí)間的話,這個(gè)工作就被做了。結(jié)果主句用了“過(guò)去虛擬+被動(dòng)”的謂語(yǔ)形式。另外條件從句和結(jié)果主句謂語(yǔ)部分,有時(shí)為動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu),有時(shí)為系表結(jié)構(gòu),不要按教材傳統(tǒng)教法僅講動(dòng)賓式,還要講系表式。如:If you had been of much wealth,what would you have done? 如果你當(dāng)時(shí)很有財(cái)富,你會(huì)做什么?本句條件句謂語(yǔ)為系表式。
三、表將來(lái)(與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況)
條件從句用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式或 should+動(dòng)詞原形或 were to +動(dòng)詞原形,主句用would /should /could/ might 等十動(dòng)詞原形。如:
1.If it should rain, the crop would be saved.如果未來(lái)下雨的話,農(nóng)作物就得救了。
期刊文章分類(lèi)查詢(xún),盡在期刊圖書(shū)館
(But in fact it shall not rain, the crop will not be saved.)
2.We wouldn’t lose courage even, if we should (were to)fail again.即使再次失敗,我們也不會(huì)泄氣(But in fact we will not fail again and we will not lose courage.)
教法改革:在教學(xué)中,要不同于傳統(tǒng)教法,要讓學(xué)生理解,單一條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣里與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其實(shí)質(zhì)是:條件從句借用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)或were+不定式表將來(lái)之形式,結(jié)果主句借用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)之形式,來(lái)表達(dá)與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反之虛擬語(yǔ)氣的內(nèi)容;在與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣里,實(shí)際上又細(xì)分為與一般將來(lái)時(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)和與將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣兩種,后者比前者形象生動(dòng)。如上述①②句為與一般將來(lái)時(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。又:If it were to be raining tomoriow,the football match would be put off.如果明天正在下雨的話,足球比賽將推遲,此句條件句用了與將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。另外條件從句和和結(jié)果主句的謂語(yǔ)都有“虛擬+被動(dòng)”現(xiàn)象。不宜按傳統(tǒng)教法僅講“虛擬+主動(dòng)”的謂語(yǔ)形式,如上述句(1)結(jié)果主句就用了“虛擬+被動(dòng)”的謂語(yǔ)形式。還有條件從句和結(jié)果主句的謂語(yǔ)既有動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)式,也有系表結(jié)構(gòu)式。
筆者認(rèn)為要改革教法,先讓學(xué)生理解掌握上述的單一條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣之后,再開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)隱含虛擬條件句。所謂的隱含條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣是指句中沒(méi)有明顯的虛擬條件句,而是利用其它手段來(lái)暗示存在虛擬條件句。但是這類(lèi)隱含式虛擬條件句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if 引導(dǎo)的條件句。表示隱含虛擬條件句的手段主要有:
(1)介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)
如:but for,but that,without,in case of, under more favorable condition等,如:But for the leadriship of the party,we could not be living a happy life today.要不是黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),我們現(xiàn)在還(正)不能過(guò)上幸福生活。其中but for the leadship of the panty相當(dāng)于lf it were not for the leadship of the panty. 又Without water, there would be no life.如果現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有水,就沒(méi)有生命。Without water相當(dāng)于 If thete were no water.
(2)連詞
如: so that,unless, in case,supposing,lest,provided(倘若......),for fear that(惟恐),in order that,on condition that ,if only (要是......就好了)等。
(3)通過(guò)上下文及內(nèi)在含義
句中往往有but,otherwise, unfortunately等類(lèi)似轉(zhuǎn)折詞。如:He was very busy yesterday;otherwise,he would have come to the party. 他昨天很忙(陳述語(yǔ)氣,暗示句),要不然的話,他會(huì)來(lái)參加聚會(huì)的。此處otherwise相當(dāng)于If he had not been busy yesterday.
(4)形容詞及其比較級(jí)
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.一個(gè)更細(xì)心的人當(dāng)時(shí)不會(huì)犯那么多錯(cuò)誤。此句相當(dāng)于If he had been more careful,he would not have made so many mistakes.
(5)分詞短語(yǔ)
Having known about it in time ,he might have prevented the accident.如果當(dāng)時(shí)能及時(shí)了解情況的話,他也許能避免那個(gè)事故。其中 Having known about it in time相當(dāng)于If he had konwn about it in time.
(6)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)
一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were十不定式完成式或had
intended/meant/planned/wished/十不定式一般式表示虛擬。
(7)名詞短語(yǔ)和名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)
A diligent student would have worked harder 一個(gè)勤奮的學(xué)生當(dāng)時(shí)會(huì)更努力用功的。這句相當(dāng)于If he had been a diligent student,he would have worked hard.
(8)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
All things considered,the price would be accepted 如果把所有的情況都考慮進(jìn)去,這個(gè)價(jià)格可以接受。其中All things considered相當(dāng)于If all things were considered.
(9)定語(yǔ)從句
A nation,which stopped working,would be dead in a fortnight.一個(gè)民族如果停止了工作,就會(huì)很快滅亡。其中whcih stopped working 相當(dāng)于If it stopped working.
(10)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式或暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣
關(guān)鍵詞:初中英語(yǔ);詞匯教學(xué);創(chuàng)新改革
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):G630 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1003-2851(2012)-06-0024-01
在語(yǔ)言教學(xué)中,詞匯占有十分重要的地位。改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法,采取形式多樣、靈活多變的方法進(jìn)行詞匯教學(xué)是很有必要的。
一、注意改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法
學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣與教師的教學(xué)方法有密切的關(guān)系,因此,在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,首先要改進(jìn)和探索詞匯教學(xué)的方法。
1.音、形、義結(jié)合,抓好英語(yǔ)常用單詞的教學(xué)。音、形、義是構(gòu)成一個(gè)單詞的三個(gè)要素。音—讀音,是詞的語(yǔ)音形式;形—拼寫(xiě),是詞的書(shū)寫(xiě)形式。義—詞匯意義和語(yǔ)法意義,指詞的含義。音、形、義三者合一是詞匯教學(xué)中不可缺乏的內(nèi)容,如何做到音形義三結(jié)合。(1)在學(xué)字母時(shí),就在每一個(gè)字母后面注上音標(biāo),讓學(xué)生感知音形,同時(shí)特別要求學(xué)生熟練掌握五個(gè)元音字母a,o,e,i,u在單詞中的準(zhǔn)確讀音及規(guī)則。(2)給學(xué)生講解什么是開(kāi)音節(jié),什么是重讀閉音節(jié),啟發(fā)學(xué)生按讀音規(guī)則讀出生詞,如these、desk、sit、close、dog等。(3)同時(shí)注意引導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意元音字母組合、輔音字母組合,舌邊音r音節(jié)發(fā)音規(guī)律。
2.詞性、詞義相結(jié)合教學(xué)。學(xué)習(xí)單詞要知詞性,由性記義,體會(huì)不同詞性在句中的不同用法,從而讓學(xué)生領(lǐng)悟詞性在句中的作用,最后達(dá)到活學(xué)活用運(yùn)用的目的。同時(shí)也要重視一詞多義的運(yùn)用,如book這個(gè),它有兩個(gè)詞性,詞義也有變化,可造幾個(gè)示范句:“1.This is a book.2.Please book me a ticket”由此讓學(xué)生體會(huì)、理解一詞多性、在句子中的作用。
3.表演性教學(xué)。表演本身就是一種語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐。在教單詞時(shí),應(yīng)盡可能運(yùn)用表演創(chuàng)造語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,變機(jī)械乏味性單詞教學(xué)為學(xué)生積極參與性單詞教學(xué),把“死”記單詞變?yōu)椤盎睢庇脝卧~。
4.鏈環(huán)式教學(xué)。隨著語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的逐步發(fā)展,詞匯量的逐步擴(kuò)大,語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的逐漸加深,在教學(xué)中采用鏈環(huán)式教學(xué),對(duì)擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的詞匯量很有幫助。如:(1)教形容詞的位置及用法,還聯(lián)想其反義詞、副詞、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的變化規(guī)則。(2)教動(dòng)詞時(shí),可以講第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞的變化形式。(3)學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞詞組時(shí),采用鏈環(huán)式教法,效果更好,如教make up,可啟發(fā)學(xué)生把已學(xué)過(guò)的同make搭配的詞組做歸類(lèi)復(fù)習(xí),同學(xué)們很快就聯(lián)想復(fù)習(xí)了“Let’sMake up a story about an old king.”等句子。
5.多媒體教學(xué)?,F(xiàn)今21世紀(jì),多媒體已進(jìn)入我們的教學(xué)領(lǐng)域,它為中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)開(kāi)辟了新天地,用多媒體把圖、文、聲、像有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái),讓英語(yǔ)更加生動(dòng)、有趣。恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用多媒體輔助詞匯教學(xué),能達(dá)到快速記憶單詞的目的。
二、加強(qiáng)引導(dǎo)初中學(xué)生詞匯學(xué)習(xí)方法
1.機(jī)械記憶與理解記憶相結(jié)合。學(xué)生記憶詞匯的目的就是擴(kuò)大詞匯量,為閱讀英語(yǔ)和運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)打下基礎(chǔ)。要讓單詞記得快、記得準(zhǔn)、記得牢,必須把機(jī)械記憶與理解記憶結(jié)合起來(lái),常用的英語(yǔ)單詞記憶方法有:
(1)構(gòu)詞法。①名詞+y構(gòu)成形容詞,如wind(n)+ywindy(adj);②動(dòng)詞+er構(gòu)成名詞,如teach(v)+erteacher(n);③形容詞+ly構(gòu)成副詞,如slow(adj)+lyslowly(adv)
(2)比較法。比較各詞之間的音形義的異同。①同音異義詞,sun-son,where-wear;②音形相同而意義不同的詞,light(燈),light(輕的)和light(淡色的);③詞形相同而讀音不同、意義不同,present/’preznt/adj目前的、現(xiàn)存的,n.禮物,present/pri’zent / v.介紹、出席。
(3)分類(lèi)法。如表示動(dòng)物一類(lèi)的詞竄在一起;dog,cat,pig,horse,等;有關(guān)人的詞:boy,girl,man,其它如文具、水果、星期、季節(jié)、月份等都可以分類(lèi)。
(4)對(duì)比法。①與反義詞作對(duì)比進(jìn)行記憶,如young-old,bring-take;②與對(duì)稱(chēng)詞作對(duì)比進(jìn)行記憶,如man-woman, read-write等。
2.歸納記憶與聯(lián)想記憶相結(jié)合。
⑴歸納記憶是把在構(gòu)詞、拼法、發(fā)音等方面有規(guī)律可循的單詞歸納起來(lái)記憶。①同根詞act-acting-action-active-actively-activity-actor-actress;②按照拼法歸納,如all-ball-call-fall-h(huán)all-wall-small;③按發(fā)音歸納,如eat,meat,read,teacher,seat等。
一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的考點(diǎn)
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1.(2005年桂林市)―Where______you from,Tom?
―I’m from Australia.
A.are B.is C.am D.be
2.(2005年柳州市、北海市)The number of the books in our school library______more than 30,000.
A.is B.are C.have been D.were
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]系動(dòng)詞be的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的不同而變化。系動(dòng)詞be在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中分別為am,is,are。 am與第一人稱(chēng)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)連用,is與第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)連用,are與其他人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)連用。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]例1題干問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)為you,是第二人稱(chēng),所以系動(dòng)詞be的形式應(yīng)為are。 故答案為A。 例2題干中的主語(yǔ)為the number,系第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),空白處應(yīng)填is,故答案為A。
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3.(2006年南寧市非課改)Mrs Brown______much,but she______enough sports.So she gets fat.
A.eat;don’t do B.eats;doesn’t do
C.eats;do D.eat;do
4.(2007年衢州市)―Li Lei,you’d better go to bed early.
―OK.I’ll go to bed as soon as I______my homework.
A.will finish B.finishing
C.finish D.finishes
5.(2007年河北省)I’ll do it better if the teacher______me another chance.
A.give B.gives C.gave D.will give
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中,行為動(dòng)詞的形式要隨著主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化而變化。主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)按規(guī)則在詞尾加“-s”或“-es”,如comecomes,gogoes,catchcatches。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]例3中兩個(gè)空白處前面的主語(yǔ)Brown和she都是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),所以正確答案為B項(xiàng)。例4中,as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間,可排除A和B。 題干空白處前面主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)I,所以答案為C。 例5中,if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。題干空白處前面的主語(yǔ)the teacher為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),空白處應(yīng)填gives,故答案為B。
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6.(2005年青島市)Two days______enough for me to finish the work.I need a third day.
A.isn’t B.is C.aren’t D.are
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]系動(dòng)詞be的否定形式是直接在am,is,are后加not構(gòu)成,is not,are not分別可縮寫(xiě)為isn’t,aren’t。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]表示“金錢(qián)、時(shí)間、距離、重量”意義的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),常被視為整體概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式,所以可排除C、D兩項(xiàng);由題干中的I need a third day可知,空白處應(yīng)填表示否定意思的選項(xiàng),故正確答案為A。
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7.(2007年茂名市)If he______on time,we will go without him.
A.doesn’t come B.don’t come
C.didn’t come
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)否定式,要在行為動(dòng)詞之前加上“助動(dòng)詞do/does + not”構(gòu)成,也可縮寫(xiě)為don’t或doesn’t。 主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí),應(yīng)該用does not,主語(yǔ)為其他人稱(chēng)時(shí),應(yīng)該用do not。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]題干空白處前的主語(yǔ)he為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定形式應(yīng)為doesn’t come,故答案為A。
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8.(2007年揚(yáng)州市)―What______your English teacher look like?
―She is quite slim.
A.do B.is C.does D.was
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]be動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成是直接將is,am,are提到主語(yǔ)的前面;而行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成應(yīng)在主語(yǔ)前加助動(dòng)詞do,主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí),應(yīng)該加does。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]題干問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)your English teacher為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),look是行為動(dòng)詞,所以應(yīng)借助does提問(wèn),故答案為C。
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9.(2006年北京市海淀區(qū))Tom is strong and he______to school every day.
A.walked B.walks
C.will walk D.has walked
10.(2007年北京市課標(biāo)卷)The Olympic Games______every four years.
A.are held B.were held
C.are holding D.will hold
11.(2007年紹興市)―Do you know what the word “cool” means?
―Of course.It______by young people so often these years.
A.uses B.is used
C.was used D.is using
12.(2007年武漢市新課程)―What do you do?
―I’m an engineer.I______in a company in Wuhan.I like my job very much.
A.work B.had worked
C.will work D.worked
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在這一時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,有時(shí)也可與表示現(xiàn)在一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]例9題干中的every day是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)he為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),所以正確答案應(yīng)為B。
例10題干中的every four years意為“每四年”,是表示頻度的狀語(yǔ),常與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)連用;主語(yǔ)Olympic Games應(yīng)該是“被舉行”,所以要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故正確答案為A。
例11題干問(wèn)句中所用時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),答語(yǔ)中的these years也是表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),所以可排除C、D兩項(xiàng)。 It指代“cool”,和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以正確答案應(yīng)為B。
例12題干中雖沒(méi)有表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但根據(jù)對(duì)話內(nèi)容我們可知,對(duì)話雙方所談?wù)摰氖墙?jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,所以正確答案為A。
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13.(2006年聊城市)―What can I do for you,madam?
―Yes.I bought a computer yesterday,but it______.I want to change it.
A.wasn’t working B.didn’t work
C.doesn’t work D.won’t work
14.(2007年武漢市新課程)―People find it hard to get across the river.
―I think at least two bridges______over it.
A.need B.are needing
C.will need D.are needed
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)可用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的狀況或特征。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]例13題的對(duì)話中雖然出現(xiàn)了過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),但從句意可知,現(xiàn)在電腦是不能工作了,所以,要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),故正確答案為C。
例14題中對(duì)話所表示的是現(xiàn)在存在的狀況,所以應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。又因?yàn)闃蚴恰氨恍枰摹?,要用被?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),所以正確答案應(yīng)為D。
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15.(2007年濰坊市)Our physics teacher told us light______faster than sound last term.
A.travels B.travel C.traveled D.traveling
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可用來(lái)表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)及客觀存在的情況。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]例15題主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖為一般過(guò)去時(shí),但是從句中所表述的內(nèi)容是科學(xué)事實(shí),應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),所以答案為A。
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16.(2004年河北省)Oh,the milk______strange――do you think it’s OK to drink?
A.was tasted B.tasted
C.is tasting D.tastes
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]有些表示狀態(tài)或感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞,如taste,smell等,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的狀況。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]例16題所表示的是現(xiàn)在時(shí)間所發(fā)生的事情,所以可排除A、B兩項(xiàng);taste意為“嘗起來(lái)”,通常不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),所以正確答案為D。
17.(2007年青島市)If you______him tomorrow,please ask him if he______to work on the farm with us.
A.see;goes B.will see;goes
C.will see;will go D.see;will go
18.(2007年北京市課標(biāo)卷)I______the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow.
A.will return B.returned
C.have returned D.return
19.(2006年南通市)I won’t leave my office until my work______.
A.finish B.will finish
C.are finished D.is finished
20.(2007年蘇州市)―When will you come to see me,Dad?
―I will go to see you when you______the training course.
A.finished B.finish
C.are finishing D.will finish
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]從例17題干的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句子意思來(lái)看,第一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間,故可以排除B、C兩項(xiàng);第二個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,所以正確答案應(yīng)為D。
從例18題干句子結(jié)構(gòu)我們可以看出,if引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句,其中tomorrow表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。從句意看,主句中說(shuō)的是將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,因此要用一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),所以答案應(yīng)為A。
例19主句中用的是一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),until引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間;my work只能是“被完成”,所以,要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故正確答案應(yīng)為D。
分析例20題干的句子結(jié)構(gòu)我們可知,答語(yǔ)中when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。故答案為B。
二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的考點(diǎn)
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1.(2005年黑龍江省課改)Everyone except Bill and Jim______there when the meeting began.
A.was B.is C.are D.were
2.(2005年新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán))All the students and their class teacher______interested in the film they saw yesterday evening.
A.is B.will be C.was D.were
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]be動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式有兩種形式,即was和were。 was與第一人稱(chēng)和第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)連用,were與其他人稱(chēng)的主語(yǔ)連用。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]例1題干的主語(yǔ)是Everyone,應(yīng)視為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),except是介詞,其后詞語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)不影響everyone的人稱(chēng)和數(shù),所以可排除C、D兩項(xiàng);題干中when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)。從句意看,主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故答案為A。
例2題干中的主語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)并列成分,與它連用的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)形式,據(jù)此,可排除A、C兩項(xiàng);定語(yǔ)從句they saw yesterday evening為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),主句和從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致,所以答案應(yīng)為D。
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3.(2007年北京市課標(biāo)卷)―What did you do after school yesterday?
―I______basketball with my friends.
A.play B.played
C.will play D.am playing
4.(2007年青島市)―Who told you to clean the windows?
―Father______.He said they were too dirty.
A.told B.did
C.had told D.had told
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]行為動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式分規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成,通常是在詞尾加-ed。 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式應(yīng)逐個(gè)記憶。如dodid,thinkthought,letlet等。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]例3題干問(wèn)句中的yesterday確定了對(duì)話語(yǔ)境為過(guò)去時(shí)間。 play是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,過(guò)去式為played,所以正確答案為B。
從例4題干問(wèn)、答句的時(shí)態(tài)可知,本題用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí);do為不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,過(guò)去式是did。 did在此是代替“told me to do so”。
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5.(2004年鎮(zhèn)江市)―______you at home yesterday evening?
―Yes,I______with my mother.
A.Were;were B.Was;was
C.Were;was D.Was;were
6.(2007年福州市)―Mr Green,______you______Three Lanes and Seven Alleys(三坊七巷)last Sunday?
―No,but I’ll visit them next week.
A.will;go to B.have;been to
C.did;go to D.have;gone to
7.(2007年武漢市新課程)―When______your brother______back?
―About half an hour ago.
A.did,come B.had,come
C.do,come D.have,come
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成有兩種形式,若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為was,were,則直接將was,were提到主語(yǔ)的前面;若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為行為動(dòng)詞,則在主語(yǔ)前加助動(dòng)詞did,行為動(dòng)詞用原形,did用于所有人稱(chēng)。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]例5題干問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)是you,答語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)是I,所以答案為C。
例6題干問(wèn)句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)last Sunday表明謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài);行為動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)以did開(kāi)頭,所以正確答案為C。
例7中題干的答語(yǔ)About half an hour ago為過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),所以對(duì)話語(yǔ)境為過(guò)去時(shí)間;應(yīng)把did置于主語(yǔ)之前,行為動(dòng)詞不變,故答案為A。
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8.(2005年安徽省課改)―Excuse me,please look at the sign “No Smoking”.
―Sorry,I______.
A.don’t notice it B.am not noticed
C.didn’t notice it D.wasn’t noticed
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]行為動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)的否定形式應(yīng)由“助動(dòng)詞did + not + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。 did not可縮寫(xiě)為didn’t,與所有人稱(chēng)的主語(yǔ)連用;be動(dòng)詞的否定形式為was not/wasn’t,were not/weren’t。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]根據(jù)題干對(duì)話的語(yǔ)境可知,此前我沒(méi)有注意到(No Smoking)標(biāo)牌,表示的是過(guò)去時(shí)間,空白處應(yīng)填didn’t notice it,故答案為C。
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9.(2006年天津市)―Have you mended your shoes,Bob?
―Yes,I______them twenty minutes ago.
A.have mended B.mend
C.had mended D.mended
10.(2007年湖北襄樊市)―Hi,Henry,are you going to water the flowers today?
―No,I won’t.Because they______by the boys just now.
A.watered B.were watered
C.are watered D.have watered
11.(2007年山西省)You______arrive at 6:00 a.m.,but you arrived at 7:00 a.m.last Sunday.Don’t be late next time.
A.supposed to B.were supposed to
C.are supposed to
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,多有明確的表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),或有上下文的暗示。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]例9答語(yǔ)中的twenty minutes ago是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的標(biāo)志語(yǔ),所以答案應(yīng)為D。
例10答語(yǔ)中的just now常與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用;空白前的they指代the flowers,從意思上看,花應(yīng)該是“被澆”,所以正確答案應(yīng)為B。
從例11中的“you arrived at 7:00 a.m”我們可知,前句的意思為“你本應(yīng)該上午6點(diǎn)到的”,指的是過(guò)去時(shí)間,所以B為正確選項(xiàng)。
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12.(2006年廣州市)―What are you looking for,Michelle?
―My cousin’s MP3 player.It______right in here,and now it’s______.
A.has been;gone B.was;gone
C.was;going D.is;going
13.(2006年瀘州市)―What did you do on May Day?
―I went shopping with my family.There______so many people in the street.
A.was B.are C.were
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的句子中不一定都有表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但可根據(jù)上下文來(lái)推斷。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]從例12的語(yǔ)境可知,第二空白處應(yīng)填“gone不見(jiàn)了”;前一個(gè)空白處應(yīng)與后一個(gè)空白處形成對(duì)比。后句說(shuō)“現(xiàn)在”不見(jiàn)了,前句當(dāng)然是說(shuō)“剛才”還在。因此,正確答案為B。
例13題中答語(yǔ)的前一句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí),那么,后一句也應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí),又因街上有“許多人”,主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),故C為正確答案。
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14.(2007年山西省)―______you______take a bus to school?
―Yes.But now I usually go to school on foot.
A.Did,use to B.Were,used to
C.Do,use to
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]used to do sth意為“過(guò)去常常做某事”,表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作,問(wèn)句可用“did + 主語(yǔ) + use”形式,也可用“used + 主語(yǔ)”,本題屬于前者。故答案為A。
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15.(2007年河北省)We______to close the windows before we left the lab.
A.tell B.told
C.are told D.were told
[要點(diǎn)領(lǐng)悟]一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“were/was + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。
[答案與簡(jiǎn)析]例15題中,before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)??瞻滋幰矐?yīng)該填動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式;由句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),所以D為正確答案。
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16.(2007重慶市課改)He didn’t tell me______.
A.which floor did he live B.which floor he lives on
C.which floor he lived on D.which floor he lived