前言:想要寫出一篇令人眼前一亮的文章嗎?我們特意為您整理了5篇benefit形容詞范文,相信會(huì)為您的寫作帶來(lái)幫助,發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的寫作思路和靈感。
一、形容詞和副詞的基本用法
1.形容詞在句中一般作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。形容詞用逗號(hào)與句子隔開(kāi),在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
【考例1】As_______(nature) architects, thePueblo Indians figured out exactly…(2015年全國(guó)卷II)
解析:natural。形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞architects。
【考例2】Hans Zhang was____(自豪的)of himself for not giving up. (2015年陜西卷)
解析:proud。be proud of“對(duì)……引以為豪”。形容詞proud作was的表語(yǔ)。
【考例3】____(shock), I took it fromher automatically. She smiled and walked away.(2015年上海卷).
解析:Shocked。過(guò)去分詞shocked用作形容詞,在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
2.副詞在句中主要作狀語(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
【考例1】Abercrombie&Kent,a travel com-pany in Hong Kong, says it____(regular)arranges quick getawavs here for people…(2015年全國(guó)卷I)
解析:regularly。修飾動(dòng)詞arranges應(yīng)用副詞regularly。
【考例2】改錯(cuò):How nice to see you again!Dad and l were terrible worried.(2015年全國(guó)II卷)
解析:terrible改為terribly。應(yīng)用副詞terri-bly修飾系表結(jié)構(gòu)were worried。
【考例3】____ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day. (2015年廣東卷)
解析:Luckilyoluckily為副詞,意為“幸運(yùn)的是”。luckily在句中作狀語(yǔ),放在句首修飾整個(gè)句子。
【考例4】Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat____(slow) during cool nights, thuswarming the house. (2015年全國(guó)II卷)
解析:slowlyo用slow的副詞形式slowly修飾動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)give out。
二、形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)
1.平級(jí)比較
常用as_as, not as/so…as,as+形容詞+as。注意區(qū)分下列固定結(jié)構(gòu):as long as“與……一樣長(zhǎng)”;as far as“與……一樣遠(yuǎn),就……而言”;as well as“與……一樣好,既……又……”。
【考例】完成句子
沒(méi)有哪項(xiàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展像電子技術(shù)這樣,對(duì)我們的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)以及文化等諸多方面產(chǎn)生過(guò)如此重要的影響。
No other technological development has had_________as the growth of electronics on so many aspects of social, economic, and cultural de-velopment. (impact)(2014年湖北卷)
解析:as great an impact/such a great im-pact。本題考查as_as結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的同級(jí)比較。注意as…as結(jié)構(gòu)中間的名詞應(yīng)該置于形容詞之后。
2.比較級(jí)
【考例l】While finding information is easierthan ever, at the same time, researching has be-come____complex.(2015年湖南卷)
解析:more。根據(jù)上文中的“Research has become both simpler and more complex.”可知,本空填more。
【考例2】The result is what amounts to a huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term“automatic shop”is far_______(appro-priate).(2014年上海卷)
解析:more appropriate。自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)英語(yǔ)為huge outdoor vending machine,但是作者認(rèn)為用術(shù)語(yǔ)“automatic shop”相比之下應(yīng)是“較合適”,即用比較級(jí)形式。由于appropriate為多音節(jié)形容詞,故前面加more。
【注1】用“the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”表示“越……,越……”。
【考例】The____(hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit. He controls you! (2014年遼寧卷)
解析:harder。本題考查“the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)。
【注2】“否定詞十比較級(jí)”表達(dá)最高級(jí)。
【考例】翻譯:沒(méi)有什么比獲準(zhǔn)參加太空旅行項(xiàng)目更令人興奮的了。(than)(2014年上海卷)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
解析:There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel pro-gram.
3.最高級(jí)
【考例1)It was____(nice) gift I’d ev-er received, and it was from a complete stranger.(2015年上海卷)
解析:the nicest。形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞,其后常接含有完成時(shí)的定語(yǔ)從句。
【考例2】改錯(cuò):My mum makes the betterbiscuits in the world…(2015年陜西卷)
解析:better改成best。名詞biscuits后用in the world修飾,其前需要用最高級(jí)best修飾,故把better改成best。
【考例3】完成句子
這部小說(shuō)曾經(jīng)是美國(guó)高中閱讀最廣泛的書。
This novel was once the____book in high schools in the United States. (read) (2014年湖北卷)
解析:most widely read。“閱讀最廣泛的書”,可譯為the most widely read book。
三、倍數(shù)表達(dá)法
1.倍數(shù)+as+形容詞/副詞的原級(jí)+as…
2.倍數(shù)+形容詞/副詞的比較級(jí)+than…
3.倍數(shù)+the+名詞(如size, height, weight,length, width等)+of…
4.倍數(shù)+as+形容詞+ al an+名詞+as…
5.倍數(shù)+as many(或much)+名詞+as…
6.倍數(shù)+ what從句/that of…
【考例l】It’s said that the power plant is now________large as what it was. (2013年安徽卷)
A.twice as
B.as twice
C. twice much
D.much twice
解析:A。根據(jù)空格后面的as判斷,形容詞large前面必須加as,倍數(shù)twice放在第一個(gè)as的前面。
【考例2】There are a small number of people involved, possibly_______twenty. (2013年江西卷)
A. as few as
B.as Iittle as
C.as many as
D.as much as
解析:A。題中people是可數(shù)名詞,常用few或many修飾。
四、形容詞和副詞的順序
1.多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的排列順序是考試常考的內(nèi)容,大家應(yīng)該記住下列口訣:限定描繪大長(zhǎng)高,形狀年齡和新老,顏色國(guó)籍出材料,作用類別往后靠。
【考例】It’s a____clock,made of brass and dating from the nineteenth century.(2013年上海卷)
A. charming French small
B. French small charming
C. small French charming
D. charming small French
解析:D。選項(xiàng)中的charming屬于描繪性的,small是大小,F(xiàn)rench是國(guó)籍。
2.副詞修飾形容詞的特殊詞序:so/as/how/that/too+形容詞+a(an)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
【考例】I make $2,000 a week,60 surely won’t make____difference to me.
A.that a big
B.a that big
C.big a that
D.that big a
解析:D。副詞that表示“那么……”修飾形容詞big,相當(dāng)于s0及how的用法,即that(so/how) biga difference。
五、連接副詞
副詞起連接作用,使前后句構(gòu)成某種邏輯上的銜接。常見(jiàn)的連接副詞有therefore, be-sides, otherwise, however, moreover, thus, mean-while等。
【考例1】Many of us were raised with the saying“Waste not, want not.” None of us,_________,can completely avoid waste in our lives. (2014年福建卷)
解析:however。根據(jù)句意可知上下文之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以使用副詞however表示轉(zhuǎn)折,前后都需要使用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。
【考例2】It’s our hope that we will play a greater role in the market place and,____,supply more jobs. (2014年安徽卷)
A.however
B.anywhere
C. therefore D.otherwise
解析:C。本題中“we will play a greater role in the market place”與“supply more jobs”之間是因果關(guān)系,故選C。
六、表語(yǔ)形容詞
active, afraid, alone, alive, alike, asleep, ashamed, awake, afloat, available, well. sorry, un-able, worth, sure等表語(yǔ)形容詞并非只能作表語(yǔ),也可作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或后置定語(yǔ)。possible, impos-sible, probable, necessary, convenient, inconve-nient等作表語(yǔ)時(shí),常用it作主語(yǔ),而不用“人”作主語(yǔ)。likely既可用it作主語(yǔ),也可用“人”作主語(yǔ)。
【考例1】-Can you lend me the book Gone with the Wind?
-Sorry. I returned it to the library just now.Maybe it is still____.
A. available
B.affordable
C. acceptable
D.valuable
解析:A。根據(jù)下半句中的still可知用avail-able,而affordable“支付的起的”;acceptable“可接受的”;valuable“貴重的”均不符合題意。
【考例2】Would it be__________for you to pick me up at four o’clock and take me to the air-port?
A.free
B.vacant
C.handy
D.convenient
解析:Do it是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的不定式。根據(jù)句意可知選convenient意為“方便的”。
七、形容詞、副詞詞義辨析
1.掌握形容詞、副詞的基本意義或固定搭配。
【考例1】Listening is thus an active, not a________, behavior consisting of hearing, under-standing and remembering. (2015年浙江卷)
A. considerate
B.sensitive
C.reliable
D.passive
解析:Do considerate“考慮周全的”;sensi-tive“敏感的”;reliable“可靠的”;passive“被動(dòng)的”。根據(jù)not可知前后是反義表達(dá),所以選D。
【考例2】The police officers decided to con-cluct a Lhorough and____review of thecase. (2015年江蘇卷)
A. comprehensive
plicated
C. conscious
D.crucial
解析:A。comprehensive“綜合的,全面的,有理解力的”;complicated“復(fù)雜的”;conscious“有意識(shí)的”;crucial“至關(guān)重要的”。根據(jù)題意可知選A。
【考例3lThe girl used to be shy, but is_______getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.(2015年湖北卷)
A.gradually
B.usually
C.previously
D.merely
解析:Ao gradually“逐漸地”;usually“通常,經(jīng)常”;previously“以前”;merely“僅僅”。根據(jù)題意可知選A。
【考例4】They gave money to the old people’shome either____or through their compa-nies. (2015年安徽卷)
A.legally
B.sincerely
C. personally
D.deliberately
解析:Colegally“合法地”;sincerely“真誠(chéng)地”;personally“個(gè)人而言”;deliberately“故意地”。根據(jù)題意可知選C。
2.掌握一些特殊的形容詞、副詞用法。如修飾population用large/small,修飾price用high/low,下大雨用It rained heavily或a heavy rain;連詞though, since,in case也可用作副詞。
【考例l】The school was moved out of down-town as the number of students had grown too______________________________.
A.small
B.few
C.large
D.many
解析:Cothe number of“……的數(shù)量”,其后的形容詞應(yīng)為“大小”(large/small),不用“多少”(many/few)。
【考例2】Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isn’t it rather risky,_______?
A. though
B.also C.either
D.too
解析:A。前后兩句之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
八、強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練
(一)改錯(cuò)。找出下列句子中的錯(cuò)誤并改正。
1. Global warming has already become a very seriously problem.
2. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.
3.I thought the biscuits were really well.
4. On the left-hand side of the class,I coulcl easy see the football field.
5. So really friendship should he able to stand all sorts of tests.
6. Nearly five years before, and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherrv tomatoes(圣女果)in our back garden.
7. As a result, the plants are growing some-where.
8. The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.
9. We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!
10. Don’t panic or get out of line, ancl try to remain quiet and calmly.
11. The teachers here are kind and helpfully.They are not only our teachers but also our friends.
12. Just then a bird was flying over us. My un-cles immediate jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.
13. That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are.
14. No one in the carriage had previous spo-ken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before.
15. I was taking a train to London’s Victoria Station. I noticed that the carriage was noise and filled with people.
(二)完成句子 o在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容
1. Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said_____(sharp), “Don’t be somean, pointing a finger of warning at her.
2. After knocking_______(polite) at the door, the applicant entered the office of the gener-al manager.
3. It’s much more________(benefit) to saysomething like,”I think we had…”
4. Team members want and think(high) of these qualities in a group leader.
5. It’s lightweight, it’s flexible, and-________important-it holds its shape.
6. Although it costs more to produce________a typical soccer ball, Jahnigen estimates the One World Football can last 30 years. So far, it’s been given to kids in 143 countries.
7.“That would be a very________(reason)thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like outs,”Nick said.
8.“But such a small thing couldn’t________(possible) destroy a village.”
9. I like it. Nothing could be________(sweet).
10. A note is often a________way to“talk”with a child than using the telephone.
11. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is________(clean) than ev-er.
12. I cannot control my body well. My legs become________(pain)
13. It was________(bravery) of Mary to quit her job and start her own business.
14. Raymond’s parents wanted him to have________(good)possible education.
15. What was so________(impression)about Jasmine Westland' s victory was that she came first in the marathon bare-footed.
(三)短文填空。閱讀下面材料,在空白處填人適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容 (1個(gè)單詞 )或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
A
Habits, whether good or bad, are gradually formed. When a person does l certain thing again, he is driven by an unseen force to do the same thing 2 (repeat); then a habit is formed. Once a habit is formed , it is difficult. and sometimes 3 (possible) to get rid of. It is therefore very 4 (importance) that we should pay great attention to the formation of the habits.
Children 5 form bad habits, some of which remain with them 6 long as they live. Laziness, lying, stealing and so on are all easily formed bad habits. However, there are many7 habits formed in early life that are of great help. Many 8 (success) men say much of their success has something to do with certain 9 (habit)in early life like early ris-ing and honesty. We should keep 10 from all the bad habits and try to form such goocl habits as will be good for ourselves and others.
B
This morning, my neighbor called me and asked me l (anxious): “Are your dogsmissing? ”
I was filled with 2 (nervous) and im- mediately made a phone call to my wife, and then I replied with relief, “No. They 3 (stay) at home.”My neighbor is a sweet, kind and gener- ous girl with 4 0ld- fashioned heart and spirit. She bakes cookies and shares them with neighbors. rroday she found two small dogs walk-ing down the street, so she brought them home.
I then suggested places 5 she could report the missing dogs.“Most people wouldn’t do anything about them,”I said,“Many cars and peo-ple passed by them this morning, ignoring them.You did the 6 (rightly)thing.”
1 went outside to look for someone who mightbe walking 7 the street, and I expected tohear the distant cry of someone calling the dogs”names. 8 no one did this.
If l were lost,1 would hope someone would come looking for me. If l were crying alone,I9 hope that someone would stop and wipe away my tears. Why 10 9ive a little love to dogs and other creatures?
參考答案與解析:
(一)改錯(cuò)
1. seriously改成seriousoa verv serious prob-lem“一個(gè)很嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題”,修飾名詞應(yīng)用形容詞serious。
2.去掉very。他如此喜歡它以致于他快速地走進(jìn)商店。so…that…“如此……以致于……”。
3.well改成good。作表語(yǔ)用形容詞,故well改成good。
4.easy改成easily。修飾動(dòng)詞see,應(yīng)用副詞easily。
5.reallly改成real。用形容詞作前置定語(yǔ),修飾名詞friendship。
6 before改成agooago表示“從現(xiàn)在起的若干時(shí)間以前”意為“距今……以前”,需和過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)連用;before泛指“從過(guò)去起的若干時(shí)間以前”,意思是“距過(guò)去某時(shí)……以前”,常和完成時(shí)連用,這里謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞planted用的是過(guò)去式,故用ago。
7.somewhere改成everywhere。根據(jù)句意可知把somewhere(某地)改成everywhere(到處)。
8.taste改成tasty。放在are后面,應(yīng)該用形容詞。and是并列連詞,連接前后兩個(gè)形容詞。
9.wonderfully改成wonderful;tomatoes是名詞,應(yīng)該用形容詞修飾,副詞常常修飾動(dòng)詞。
10. calmlv改成calm。remaln為系動(dòng)詞,后接形容詞作表語(yǔ)。
11. helpfully改成helpful。考查形容詞與副詞。and并列的是兩個(gè)形容詞作are的表語(yǔ)。
12. immediate改成immediately。修飾動(dòng)詞jumped,應(yīng)用副詞immediately。
13. closely改成close。本句“how close thehouses are”中的close本應(yīng)該是在系動(dòng)詞are的后面,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)are close。closely是一個(gè)副詞,副詞通常不能和系動(dòng)詞連用構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
14.previous改成previously。本句中應(yīng)該使用副詞previously作狀語(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。形容詞previous通常作為定語(yǔ)或者表語(yǔ),不能作狀語(yǔ)。
15. noise改成noisy。本句中應(yīng)該使用形容詞noisy和系動(dòng)詞was構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),修飾車?yán)锂?dāng)時(shí)的情況。同時(shí)noisy與后面的形容詞短語(yǔ)filled with構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。
(二)完成句子
1.sharply。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知應(yīng)用sharp的副詞形式sharply意為“嚴(yán)厲地,毫不客氣地”。
2.politely。副詞politely“禮貌地”,修飾動(dòng)詞knock。
3.beneficial。根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,本空應(yīng)填benefit的形容詞形式beneficial。
4.highly。think highly of意為“高度贊揚(yáng)”。
5.most。most important意為“最為重要的”。
6.than。前面有more,故填than。
7.reasonable。應(yīng)用形容詞修飾名詞thing。
8.possibly。應(yīng)用副詞修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞de-stroy。
9.sweeter。否定詞nothing后加比較級(jí)sweeter表達(dá)肯定的最高級(jí)。
10. better。根據(jù)后面的than可知,空格處應(yīng)填比較級(jí)。根據(jù)空格前冠詞a判斷,應(yīng)填以輔音開(kāi)頭的形容詞。根據(jù)句子的前后意思及邏輯關(guān)系,填good的比較級(jí)符合題意。
11. cleaner。根據(jù)后面的比較連詞than可知,這里應(yīng)該用比較級(jí),故填cleaner。
12.painful。此處為形容詞作表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
13. brave。用形容詞原形作表語(yǔ)。“It is+形容詞+ofto do sth”為固定句型。
14. the best。形容詞最高級(jí)前加the是解題關(guān)鍵。
15. impressive。impressive是形容詞,意為“印象深刻的”。
(三)短文填空
A
1.a。a certain表示“某一”,后接可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。
2.repeatedly。副詞repeatedly修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞do。
3.impossible。根據(jù)句意可知與difficult并列,只能用impossible。
4.important。作系動(dòng)詞IS的表語(yǔ),應(yīng)用形容詞important。
5.often。孩子們經(jīng)常養(yǎng)成壞習(xí)慣。
6.as。as long as意為“同……一樣長(zhǎng)”。
7.other。有許多在人生早期形成的其他習(xí)慣。
8.successful。作名詞men的定語(yǔ),應(yīng)用形容詞successful修飾。
9.habits。形容詞certaln表示“某些”,其后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
10. away。keep away from意為“擺脫”。
B
1.anxiously。根據(jù)下面提到的“Are your dogs missing?”可知“焦急地”問(wèn)我。
2.nervousness。介詞with后接名詞,故填名詞nervousness意為“緊張不安”。
3.are staying。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知現(xiàn)在正在家里,故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
4.an。根據(jù)句意及old-fashioned heart可知填an。
5.where。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這里是定語(yǔ)從句,且從句中缺少狀語(yǔ),故填Where。
6.right。形容詞right“正確的”,作定語(yǔ),修飾名詞thing。
7. down/alongo walk down/along the street意為“沿著大街走”。
8.But。根據(jù)前后句意可知,前后意思表達(dá)相反,應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)折詞But。
【關(guān)鍵詞】英語(yǔ)寫作;詞匯錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)策
【中圖分類號(hào)】G622.4【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A
【文章編號(hào)】1007-4309(2010)12-0007-2
寫作能力是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的四大技能之一,也是衡量學(xué)習(xí)者語(yǔ)言習(xí)得能力的重要標(biāo)志。寫作有助于學(xué)習(xí)者檢驗(yàn)英語(yǔ)句法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的使用,促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用的自動(dòng)化,不斷鞏固和內(nèi)化相應(yīng)的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)。而詞匯是語(yǔ)言的基本材料,在寫作中的作用十分重要。英國(guó)著名的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Wilkins曾說(shuō)過(guò):“Without grammar,very little can be conveyed;without vocabulary,nothing can be conveyed.”(沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法,表達(dá)甚微;沒(méi)有詞匯,表達(dá)為零)。由此可見(jiàn),詞匯在英語(yǔ)寫作中占有重要地位。本文主要從拼寫、搭配、風(fēng)格等方面分析非英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科生寫作中常見(jiàn)的詞匯錯(cuò)誤,并提出相應(yīng)的對(duì)策,幫助英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者掌握詞匯運(yùn)用的規(guī)律,提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力。
一、常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤分析
在國(guó)內(nèi),英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)主要在課堂環(huán)境中有意識(shí)地進(jìn)行,學(xué)習(xí)者寫作中的錯(cuò)誤難以避免。我國(guó)非英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科生的寫作水平相對(duì)較低,寫作中的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)在拼寫錯(cuò)誤、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換、搭配不當(dāng)、字面意義與內(nèi)涵意義模糊不清以及語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格混淆等方面。
(一)拼寫及大小寫錯(cuò)誤
據(jù)調(diào)查,拼寫及大小寫錯(cuò)誤占詞匯錯(cuò)誤的35.65%,發(fā)生頻率很高。這主要是由于英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)的差異較大,漢語(yǔ)屬于漢藏語(yǔ)系,是象形文字,而英語(yǔ)屬于印歐語(yǔ)系,是拼音文字。另外,英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者在寫作過(guò)程中,持想當(dāng)然的態(tài)度,對(duì)于沒(méi)有把握的詞匯不去查閱字典確認(rèn),尤其是多音節(jié)詞匯,拼寫錯(cuò)誤現(xiàn)象更是層出不窮。
拼寫錯(cuò)誤分為語(yǔ)音變異型(phonological deviation)、形素變異型(graphemic deviation)及形態(tài)變異型(morphological deviation)三大類。如果錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)導(dǎo)致了語(yǔ)音上的變化,將其歸入語(yǔ)音變異型錯(cuò)誤,如happily錯(cuò)寫成happly;如果錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)并沒(méi)有改變目標(biāo)項(xiàng)的語(yǔ)音,只是使用了不同形符來(lái)標(biāo)記語(yǔ)音,則被歸入形素變異型錯(cuò)誤,如benefit誤寫成benifit;由于詞形變化、構(gòu)詞失誤引起的錯(cuò)誤屬于形態(tài)變異型錯(cuò)誤,如struck誤寫成striked。
同樣,大小寫錯(cuò)誤也是學(xué)習(xí)者基本功的反映。如:China(中國(guó))寫成china(瓷器),其意思發(fā)生改變。由此可見(jiàn),拼寫錯(cuò)誤和大小寫錯(cuò)誤都會(huì)影響學(xué)習(xí)者的表達(dá)。隨著學(xué)習(xí)者學(xué)習(xí)層次和語(yǔ)言水平的提高,拼寫錯(cuò)誤會(huì)逐漸減少。
(二)詞性錯(cuò)誤
詞性錯(cuò)誤是指詞性混淆,不能恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用不同詞性,常表現(xiàn)為:形容詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用,名詞當(dāng)形容詞用,副詞當(dāng)形容詞用,名詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用等。例如:
Foreign language is very importance.(名詞當(dāng)形容詞用)
改為:Foreign language is very important.
再如:He is scare. (動(dòng)詞當(dāng)形容詞用)
改為:He is scared.
導(dǎo)致以上錯(cuò)誤的原因是詞性變化與后綴有關(guān),而英語(yǔ)中后綴變化比較復(fù)雜。有些后綴變化引起詞性變化,如:agriculture―agricultural。而有些則不引起詞性變化,如:scene―scenery。
(三)用詞不當(dāng)或搭配不當(dāng)
用詞不當(dāng)是指在一定上下文中從語(yǔ)法角度看似正確但在語(yǔ)義上卻講不通的詞匯錯(cuò)誤。而搭配不當(dāng)是指不符合英語(yǔ)習(xí)以為常的搭配邏輯,常表現(xiàn)為動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)或形容詞短語(yǔ)等。
如:The murderer was regrettable for what he had done.
改為:The murderer was regretful for what he had done.
Regrettable與regretful同根異義,用法也不一樣。前者意為“令人遺憾的”,主語(yǔ)一般為事件;后者意為“后悔的”,主語(yǔ)為人。
再如:They tried to restrict him from drinking too much .
改為:They tried to restrain him from drinking too much .
例句中restrict和restrain是近義詞,但具體用法和搭配不同。Restrict常與to連用,意思是“限制、約束”;而restrain常與from搭配,意思是“阻止、遏制”。
(四)字面意義與內(nèi)涵意義
字面意義(denotation)和內(nèi)涵意義(connotation)作為詞的兩個(gè)方面,即詞的兩個(gè)不同組成部分,有著很大的區(qū)別。前者指詞的確切的、字面的意義(strict and literal meaning),后者指詞的隱含的、引申的意義(implied or suggested meaning)。如:This car is a real lemon. It has broken down four times。Lemon的字面意義是“檸檬”,而其內(nèi)涵意義有“很爛,很差的”意思。因此這句話的意思是“這輛汽車很爛,已經(jīng)壞了四次了”。又如,He was trying to tell me how to do my job,but I soon tell him where to get off?!癵et off”的字面意義為“滾開(kāi),離我遠(yuǎn)兒點(diǎn)”,而這句話中它的意思是“哪里涼快哪呆著去”。
由于不同民族在地理、民俗、宗教及價(jià)值觀念等方面的差異,同一概念的詞,在各自獨(dú)特的文化傳統(tǒng)作用下必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生附加在詞匯本身概念之上的不同的內(nèi)涵意義。因此,寫作過(guò)程中要想表意準(zhǔn)確,就必須掌握一個(gè)詞承載的全部語(yǔ)言信息量,了解其字面意義及內(nèi)涵意義。
(五)語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格
語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格是指不同的詞語(yǔ)適用于不同語(yǔ)體的風(fēng)格而形成的風(fēng)格色彩意義,如口語(yǔ)語(yǔ)體、書面語(yǔ)語(yǔ)體;小說(shuō)語(yǔ)體、公文語(yǔ)體、散文語(yǔ)體等。一般來(lái)說(shuō),口語(yǔ)具有通俗、樸實(shí)、生動(dòng)的風(fēng)格;而書面語(yǔ)則具有文雅、莊重的語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格,多用于正式場(chǎng)合、理論性強(qiáng)的文章等。
如:為了阻止全球變暖,政府應(yīng)該制定法律制止亂砍濫伐。
To stop global warming,the government should make new laws to control the felling of trees. (口語(yǔ)化語(yǔ)體)
To curb global warming,it is imperative that our government promulgate new laws to govern the severe deforestation.(正式語(yǔ)體)
從上面的例子可以看出,stop,the government should…,make,control,the felling of trees為口語(yǔ)語(yǔ)體,屬非正式語(yǔ)言。而curb,it is imperative that…,promulgate,govern,deforestation為書面語(yǔ)語(yǔ)體,比較正式。
又如,散文詩(shī)語(yǔ)體:
From the hell to the heaven,
There's no straight way to walk.
Sometimes up,sometimes down.
Hope creates a heaven for us,
Despair makes a hell for us. (“Life is a journey”,Jack London)
公文語(yǔ)體:
Dear Mr. /Ms:
Mr. Jack Baron,our personnel director,has asked me to acknowledge your application for the post of accountant and to ask you to come to see him on Friday afternoon,5th July,at half past two. I will appreciate your letting me know whether you will be able to come.
Yours faithfully
可見(jiàn),散文詩(shī)語(yǔ)言優(yōu)美,感情強(qiáng)烈,想象力豐富,注重意境的塑造。而公文簡(jiǎn)單明了,觀點(diǎn)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、鮮明,文字樸實(shí)、莊重,注重形式與格式的規(guī)范性。因此學(xué)生在寫作過(guò)程中要注意根據(jù)文章的語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格要求,按照語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格一致的原則選用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯。
二、解決對(duì)策
(一)大量閱讀,擴(kuò)大詞匯量,增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言基本功
詞匯學(xué)習(xí)是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的基本功。英語(yǔ)解構(gòu)學(xué)習(xí)法認(rèn)為詞匯是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的第一階梯,沒(méi)有堅(jiān)實(shí)的詞匯基礎(chǔ),聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫譯都無(wú)從談起。在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中,必須要注重詞匯的“輸入”,結(jié)合具體語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行有效的記憶,克服想當(dāng)然的態(tài)度,養(yǎng)成準(zhǔn)確使用詞匯的習(xí)慣。通過(guò)大量閱讀,擴(kuò)充詞匯量,擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面,掌握基本詞匯的固定搭配、字面意義與內(nèi)涵意義以及風(fēng)格特征,增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)感,從而儲(chǔ)備大量的語(yǔ)言信息。
(二)逐步培養(yǎng)英語(yǔ)思維
由于不同的地理環(huán)境、歷史條件、生活方式、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度、政治制度以及在此基礎(chǔ)上形成的不同文化習(xí)俗等因素,中西思維具有不同的特征。而這種思維方式的不同又決定著語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的差異。逐步培養(yǎng)英語(yǔ)思維,首先必須熟練掌握基本詞匯的固定搭配、字面意義與內(nèi)涵意義以及風(fēng)格特征,運(yùn)用正確的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則、句型及慣用法。
由此可見(jiàn),應(yīng)樹立一種中西方思維方式差異觀,在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中注重英語(yǔ)思維方式的習(xí)得,掌握英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言思維潛在規(guī)律的方法并有意識(shí)地克服母語(yǔ)思維負(fù)遷移,逐漸養(yǎng)成用英語(yǔ)思維的習(xí)慣。
綜上所述,學(xué)習(xí)者應(yīng)針對(duì)英語(yǔ)寫作中存在的詞匯問(wèn)題,根據(jù)實(shí)際情況改進(jìn)寫作方法,積極探索,靈活運(yùn)用,從詞匯入手切實(shí)提高寫作水平。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]侯維瑞.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)體[M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,1999.
[2]張?jiān)谛拢覈?guó)英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)中的主要問(wèn)題[J].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究,1995(4).
[3]程曉棠,鄭敏著.英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)策略[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002.
[4]李紅.非英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生寫作中的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤分析[D].大連海事大學(xué),2003.
[5]羅朝秀.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作問(wèn)題分析及其對(duì)教學(xué)的啟示[J].廣東工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2007(4).
一、 考查不定式作狀語(yǔ)
1. 不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。
不定式作狀語(yǔ)主要作目的狀語(yǔ),在句尾時(shí)跟句子之間不用逗號(hào),還可以用in order to和so as to結(jié)構(gòu),通常后者不置于句首。如:
例1 ______ relieve your mother from anxiety, please write home as often as possible.
A. In order to B. So that C. So as to D. In order that
分析:選A。根據(jù)動(dòng)詞原形relieve知道不是句子,排除連詞B和D,如果加上主語(yǔ)you則可以選。雖然意思都是“為了”,in order to 可用于句首和句中,但so as to 不能用于句首,排除C。句意是:盡量多給家里寫信,免得你母親牽腸掛肚。
例2(2011重慶卷)More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced _______ people’s concern over food safety.
A. to raise B. raising C. to have raised D. having raised
分析:選A。“制作更多的電視節(jié)目”目的是為了“引起人們對(duì)食品安全的關(guān)心”,不定式表目的。C表示raise在be produced前發(fā)生,錯(cuò)誤。
2. 不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)表示出乎意料的結(jié)果,常與only連用?,F(xiàn)在分詞表示合乎情理的結(jié)果。so / such... as to, too... to... , enough... to表結(jié)果。如:
She said that his age and position were such as to make a marriage impossible, which made him too upset to be absorbed in his work. 她說(shuō)他的年齡和地位和她相差太遠(yuǎn),所以不可能結(jié)婚,這讓他心煩意亂,以至于不能專心工作。
例3 The students ran all the way up to the station, only ______ that the train had left 10 minutes before.
A. found B. finding C. to have found D. to find
分析:選D。根據(jù)ran all the way up to the station“一路跑到火車站”可以看出“火車10分鐘前就開(kāi)走了”是沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的結(jié)果,用only to do結(jié)構(gòu),find發(fā)生在ran之后,排除C。
請(qǐng)比較:
(2008遼寧卷) He was busy writing a story, only _____ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
A. to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped
分析:選B。此處并非是出乎意料的結(jié)果,表示與write伴隨的動(dòng)作,不要誤選A。句意是“他正忙于寫故事,時(shí)不時(shí)地停下來(lái)抽支煙”。
3. 不定式在形容詞后作狀語(yǔ)。
在部分形容詞,尤其是表示感彩的形容詞、過(guò)去分詞或動(dòng)詞之后可接不定式作狀語(yǔ),表原因。如:astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, sorry, afraid, surprised, smile及worthy等。例如:
例4 ―There is nothing worthy _____ in today’s newspaper.
―It must have disappointed you, I think.
A. reading B. to read C. being read D. to be read
分析:選D。worthy跟不定式作狀語(yǔ),不定式與nothing是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故選D。用C項(xiàng)需加上介詞of,意義相當(dāng)于worth reading,注意worth后不跟不定式。
easy, difficult, light, heavy, comfortable, dangerous, expensive, fit, impossible等形容詞后接不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:
例5 (2011福建卷) The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable____________.
A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold
分析:選D。根據(jù)comfortable確定其后跟不定式,其中作狀語(yǔ)的to是不可以省掉的,而且也要求用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
二、 考查現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)。
作狀語(yǔ)的分詞要求其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如句子主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,用現(xiàn)在分詞,若現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)完成,則用其完成形式;如句子主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者,用過(guò)去分詞,也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式。分詞在句中作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨、讓步、結(jié)果、條件等。如:
例1 Your father died when you were very young, _______ me with the full burden of bringing you up.
A. to leave B. left C. leaving D. being left
分析:選C。根據(jù)逗號(hào)排除A項(xiàng),leave與主語(yǔ)your father是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞表示合乎邏輯的結(jié)果。句意是:你爹死得太早,把撫養(yǎng)責(zé)任都放在我的肩頭。
例2 _____ into a foreign language, English is said to have given rise to a number of strange results.
A. Translating B. Having translated C. To translate D. Translated
分析:選D。translate與句子主語(yǔ)English是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,用被動(dòng)形式。過(guò)去分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于When/After English was translated / had been translated... 。
2. 連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞。
“連詞+分詞”在句中作狀語(yǔ),是狀語(yǔ)從句的省略形式,要求分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。表示時(shí)間、方式、讓步、條件等。如:
例3 Though ______, when he saw every household put up the couplets which were created by his hand, he felt so proud and satisfied.
A. tire B. tired C. tiring D. to tire
分析:選B。不要受從句的干擾,把從句部分when... hand去掉就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單多了。Though后沒(méi)有主語(yǔ),tire與he是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,用過(guò)去分詞,相當(dāng)于Though he was tired,... 。句意為:雖然很辛苦,但看著家家戶戶都貼著自己寫的春聯(lián),他感到自豪和滿足。
三、 考查轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞、連詞、插入語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
1. 作介詞和連詞的分詞
通常分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)都應(yīng)當(dāng)與句子的實(shí)際主語(yǔ)保持一致,但是下列分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的實(shí)際主語(yǔ)不一致,卻也正確,稱之為垂懸分詞。
(1)considering(鑒于), taking everything into consideration(account), including, according to, given(鑒于……), saving(除……之外), judging from等已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞。其中consider和judge也有跟主語(yǔ)保持一致的情況。如:
More than 300 soldiers and hundreds of police were sent to the disaster zone, according to the CCTV news and Xinhua. 據(jù)中央電視臺(tái)和新華社消息,目前,300多名士兵及上千名警察已被派往受災(zāi)地區(qū)進(jìn)行救援。
例1 ______ the peace and stability that the island needs for development, it’s not surprising that Taiwan leader Ma Yingjiu won re-election on 14th January, 2012.
A. Given B. Give C. To give D. Giving
分析:選A。根據(jù)句子無(wú)連詞排除B,從句意看出give已無(wú)“給”之意,根據(jù)句意看出表原因,用介詞given。故選A。句意是:鑒于臺(tái)灣發(fā)展所需要的和平與穩(wěn)定,再次成功當(dāng)選并不讓人感到驚訝。
比較:① If given more time, I could have done it better.
② Give me more time, and I could do it better.
③ Giving him more time, I’ll be scolded by the manager.
④ Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
(2) 作連詞的分詞providing/provided(that)... , supposing/suppose(that), given that引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句;seeing(that)(既然), considering(that)(考慮到)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。如:
例2 ______ he refused to help us, there’s no reason why we should now help him, isn’t there?
A. Seen that B. So that C. Seeing that D. To see
分析:選C。注意前后句的時(shí)態(tài),拒絕幫助的理由是曾經(jīng)被拒絕過(guò),所以表示原因,so that和不定式都表示目的,seeing that可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。故選C。句意是:他既然曾經(jīng)拒絕幫助我們,我們現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有理由要來(lái)幫助他。
2. 作插入語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
generally / frankly / honestly speaking, to be honest, to tell you the truth, to make things / matters worse(更糟糕的是), to be exact(確切地說(shuō)),to begin with, to do him justice(說(shuō)句對(duì)他公道的話), to be sure(真的), to be frank with you(老實(shí)對(duì)你說(shuō)吧),to be short, to be exact(確切地說(shuō)), to conclude(總而言之), to put it briefly(簡(jiǎn)而言之), to put it in another way(換句話說(shuō)), to make a long story short(長(zhǎng)話短說(shuō)), strange to say(說(shuō)來(lái)也怪), needless to say(不必說(shuō))等。此類狀語(yǔ)也稱之為評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)。
例3 As they were about to return, a storm hit the area and blocked their way home. ______ , something unexpected happened.
A. To make things worse B. Making things worse
C. Which made things worse D. It made things worse
分析:選A。本題的關(guān)鍵是不要誤以為不定式只可以作目的狀語(yǔ)而排除A項(xiàng),要知道A項(xiàng)是一個(gè)固定短語(yǔ)。“一次風(fēng)暴阻斷了他們的歸途”是不幸,“遇到了意想不到的困難”則是更為糟糕的事情,to make things worse是評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ),意思是“更糟糕的是”。
四、 對(duì)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是“n. / pron.+ v.-ing / v.-ed / to do / adj. / adv. / prep. phr.”構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立于主句之外的結(jié)構(gòu),其中n./ pron.是后面的邏輯主語(yǔ)。句法上它不是句子,在句中作狀語(yǔ),表時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨、方式或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明等。當(dāng)用 v.-ing / v.-ed / to do形式時(shí),要考慮與n./pron.之間的邏輯關(guān)系以確定是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng),根據(jù)時(shí)間先后確定是 v.-ing / v.-ed / to do。如:
例4 (2011浙江卷) Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years.
A. having B. had C. have D. to have
分析:根據(jù)題干的逗號(hào)確定是一個(gè)句子,排除謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞B和C。句子是在陳述一個(gè)事實(shí),不是將來(lái)的事情,排除不定式的D項(xiàng)。故選A。是“代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”型的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),相當(dāng)于some of which have a life span of around 20 years。
【牛刀小試】用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
1. ______ (judge) from the election, peaceful development of cross-Strait relations have developed from a concept to reality, ______(benefit) people from different backgrounds and ______ (recognize) by the public.
2. A moderate earthquake hit southwest China Thursday evening (June 9th, 2011), _____ (kill) one people and at least 336 people _____ (injure).
3. ______ (consider) to be the best student, he was awarded with “Three Good” Student yesterday. But in my opinion, _______ (tell) you the truth, he is not as good as _______ (expect).
4. _______ (bite) twice, the postman refused to deliver our mail unless we locked the dog up.
[Key Words] advertising English; fuzziness; semantic and rhetorical analysis
【摘 要】 廣告業(yè)被認(rèn)為是一條通過(guò)耗盡人類智慧賺取錢財(cái)?shù)目茖W(xué)之道。很明顯,廣告在今天的商業(yè)世界已發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用。廣告語(yǔ)言能否具有誘惑力和說(shuō)服力已成為關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。因此對(duì)英語(yǔ)廣告語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)、全面地研究,可以提高對(duì)廣告的理解,構(gòu)想出成功的英語(yǔ)廣告。論文在簡(jiǎn)短地對(duì)廣告,廣告語(yǔ)言,模糊性和模糊理論進(jìn)行介紹之后,主要對(duì)以下兩種模糊實(shí)現(xiàn)形式進(jìn)行分析。一、語(yǔ)義模糊。這一類廣告通過(guò)使用模糊限制詞、模糊數(shù)量詞、模糊動(dòng)詞、修飾性形容詞以及符號(hào)和縮略語(yǔ)等具備模糊性的語(yǔ)言來(lái)突破日常行為的規(guī)范,使詞語(yǔ)在表達(dá)字面意義的同時(shí)又暗示其多重含義,形成詞語(yǔ)含義的未定性,激發(fā)了讀者的聯(lián)想和想象,吸引他們的注意并提起他們的興趣,從而對(duì)廣告本身的說(shuō)服力起增強(qiáng)作用。二、修辭格(雙關(guān)、暗喻、委婉語(yǔ))的使用,使廣告語(yǔ)言更具生動(dòng),引發(fā)讀者無(wú)限的想象和聯(lián)想。最后結(jié)論部分中,論文對(duì)主要概念和內(nèi)容做出了總結(jié),提出了全文的局限性。
【關(guān)鍵字】 廣告英語(yǔ);模糊性;語(yǔ)義和修辭分析
1. Introduction
With the rapid development of the world economy and globalization, advertising has played a vital role in promoting sales, providing services and building images. Based on the fact that China remains lagging behind the west in both physical attraction and persuasiveness in advertising, thorough and theoretical studies on the language of advertising have become an urgent need.
In our daily life, fuzzy language has been employed in communication on various occasions’ negotiation and public speaking. Though many linguists have been exploring fuzzy theory and fuzzy linguistics heavily, the understanding of fuzziness hasn’t been satisfactory and perfect. As a not well-established register, advertising English has its unique features compared with English for other purposes. Fuzziness function in advertising English plays a positive role in human communication.
Through linguistic realizations of fuzziness in advertising English from semantic angle to rhetorical devices in the text, the purpose of the paper is to make people equip with a better manipulation of fuzzy advertising, so as to prepare them for producing more successful advertisements, then arousing people’s interest in ads, stimulating people’s needs of consumption, and enticing people to make purchase in products.
2. General ideas of advertising and its language
What is advertising? What does advertising originate from? Why does it come into being? What is its language like? The following is going to explain them.
2.1 The definition and development of advertising
In etymological studies, the word “advertise” in Middle English is spelt as “advertisen” meaning “to notify” and in old French as “advertir” or “advertises”. We find two records have the same explanation of “to notice”. Further studies rooted out its origin in Latin as “advertere”, meaning “a means used to draw attention from the public to something and lead them to some direction”. [1] Nowadays, the scholars from different countries hold different opinions about the explanation of advertising, but remaining the similar meaning basically. An explanation is widely accepted by American Marketing Association as following:
Advertising is the nonpersonal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about products, services or ideas through the various media. [2]
It is not difficult for us to find out four components of advertising from the explanation above.
First, advertising is directed to the general public rather than inpiduals.
Second, the information conveyed by advertising can be commercial or non-commercial. (Commercial advertising seeks profits, while noncommercial advertising sponsored by government or nonprofit organizations is used to publicize the organization, seek donations or call for some actions beneficial to society.)
Third, advertising reaches us through a channel of communication referred to as a medium, such as: TV, radio, newspapers, magazines and so on.
Fourth, any advertising is launched by identified sponsors or organizations with a given purpose, either commercial advertising or public interests advertising.
Indeed, advertising is the result of high degree of development of commodity economy. In order to make their goods sell well, tradesman and merchants tried every means to trigger the consumers to buy their products. Henry Sampson described the beginning of advertising in his work History of Advertising as below:
There is little about that the desire among tradesmen and merchants to make good their wares have an existence almost as long as the customs of buying and selling, and it is but natured to suppose that advertisements in some shape or form have existed not only from time immemorial, but almost for all time. [3]
Until now, with the rapid development of the world economy and the acceleration of globalization process, advertising has played a very important role in today’s business world. Advertising, with its persuasive function and taking action function, helps a business to create the products and corporate identities, not only realize the development of the business, but also increase the value of its goodwill, and win the confidence of the consumers.
2.2 Features of advertising language
Since the advertising aims at drawing attention from the public and leading them to some direction, and thus the language of advertising is language that is used in efforts to persuade or otherwise entice people to purchase products or services. Toffler in his Future Shock approaches the language of advertising as a language of finely engineered, ruthlessly, purposeful messages, intending to trigger a special response from the consumers. This point of view is echoed by linguist Peter Trudgill, who said, “The wording of advertisements is, in most cases, carefully crafted to meet particular ends. Sometimes it is intended to inform, but more often, and more importantly, to persuade and influence.” [4] David Ogilvy also said, “Every word in the copy must count, advertise what is unique.” [5]
In other words, the ultimate goal of advertising is to sell. Thus, advertisements must be presented with a type of language that is persuasive in nature, concise, vivid, visual, and with emotion and appeal, that is, the language of advertising conveys the most complicated meaning with the simplest language and is loaded with persuasive intentions for sales promotion or other purposes.
Look at an example: “Romantic, Mysterious, Italian”. Three adjectives are put together, concise and sprightly, giving expression to deep connotation. Another example “Big thrills, Small bills”. This is an advertisement sponsored by the taxi center. Anyone enjoys the excitement to the largest extent as long as paying the less money. The word “big” stands in total contrast to the word “small”, the end syllable of the word “thrills’ and “bills” remains same, which creates a sense of rhythm. The cases below also explain the ideas above well.
(1) Look again. A lifetime of perfect coordination. (CUSTOM EYES from Revlon)
(2) Let the New York Times find you.
FAB看似“入門級(jí)”,但越簡(jiǎn)單的技巧其實(shí)越難用。一旦用好了,殺傷力巨大。當(dāng)年蕭峰蕭大俠在聚賢莊一套太祖長(zhǎng)拳打得天下英雄俯首,就是這個(gè)理。一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的技巧能否發(fā)揮出巨大威力,關(guān)鍵取決于你對(duì)它的理解。假設(shè)一個(gè)顧客要買臺(tái)投影儀,你會(huì)怎么給他推介產(chǎn)品?
方式1:功能介紹法
“你好,先生,我向你推薦一下這臺(tái)投影儀,它重1.5公斤,銀白色的外殼,燈泡設(shè)計(jì)使用壽命3000小時(shí),燈泡功率6000瓦,SHARP的品牌?!?/p>
這個(gè)介紹怎么樣?有沒(méi)有很欠揍的感覺(jué)?這樣介紹產(chǎn)品,基本就不要想賣出東西了。這就是功能介紹法,我把想說(shuō)的功能都說(shuō)了,但是沒(méi)效果。
方式2:功能優(yōu)勢(shì)介紹法
“你好,先生,我向你推薦一下這臺(tái)投影儀,它重1.5公斤,非常輕盈;銀白色的外殼,是目前投影儀里最時(shí)尚的流行色;燈泡設(shè)計(jì)使用壽命3000小時(shí),經(jīng)久耐用,比普通燈泡壽命長(zhǎng)1/3;燈泡功率6000瓦,投出的字體非常清晰;SHARP的品牌,絕對(duì)的名牌?!?/p>
是不是比第一次好點(diǎn)了?這也是大部分人介紹產(chǎn)品的方法,好像過(guò)得去,又好像少點(diǎn)什么,像是炒菜沒(méi)放鹽。這次介紹把功能和優(yōu)勢(shì)都說(shuō)了,但還是沒(méi)滋味。
方式3:FAB介紹法
好了,再看看第三種方式,不過(guò),這里有個(gè)前提:介紹之前,需要了解一下客戶的需求,所有的介紹都針對(duì)需求展開(kāi)。
“你好,先生,根據(jù)你剛才說(shuō)的情況,我向你介紹一下這臺(tái)投影儀:
它重1.5公斤,非常輕盈。你剛才說(shuō),它會(huì)固定在會(huì)議室的天花板上,如果過(guò)重,時(shí)間久了,很容易墜毀,現(xiàn)在不用擔(dān)心了。還有,如果你偶爾摘下來(lái)使用,比如公司開(kāi)年會(huì)、市場(chǎng)活動(dòng)或者到外地投標(biāo),一個(gè)小女孩一只手就可以把它拿下來(lái),放到包里就帶走了;
再看它銀白色的外殼,這是目前投影儀里最時(shí)尚的流行色。你剛才說(shuō)你的天花板是白色的,掛上這個(gè)投影儀以后,能夠和墻面渾然一體,不會(huì)破壞整體裝修效果,不注意甚至很難發(fā)現(xiàn)有個(gè)投影儀掛在那里。如果是黑色會(huì)怎么樣?大家一進(jìn)會(huì)議室,第一眼就會(huì)看到一個(gè)不和諧的黑家伙擺在那里,很刺眼;
燈泡設(shè)計(jì)使用壽命3000小時(shí),經(jīng)久耐用,比普通燈泡壽命長(zhǎng)1/3。投影儀最值錢的部件就是這個(gè)燈泡了,一旦壞了,材料費(fèi)、維修費(fèi)、耽誤的時(shí)間、耽誤事情的成本這些都是損失,所以,如果算算細(xì)賬,我們真的是一個(gè)燈泡頂人家兩個(gè)用;
燈泡功率6000瓦,投出的字體非常清晰。你剛才說(shuō)你的會(huì)議室能容納100人,這款投影儀13號(hào)的字體投影出來(lái),坐在最后一排的人可以看得清清楚楚。試想一下:如果在最后一排的人看不清楚會(huì)怎么樣?是不是向前跑?這一跑,整個(gè)會(huì)議也就別開(kāi)了,全亂套了,大家都會(huì)抱怨你買的這是什么玩意啊;
SHARP的品牌,絕對(duì)的名牌。如果你買個(gè)雜牌子,一旦壞了,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)找不到維修點(diǎn);好容易找到了,又沒(méi)配件;好容易等了一個(gè)月有配件了,又死貴,都?jí)蛟儋I一臺(tái)投影儀了?,F(xiàn)在你不用擔(dān)心這些事,在任何一個(gè)城市都有維修點(diǎn)、配件通用、價(jià)格便宜。這就是名牌的價(jià)值?!?/p>
怎么樣?是不是比第二次又好多了?這就是完整的FAB介紹法。大家之所以覺(jué)得好,原因在于在這次介紹中,突出了客戶的利益,這是客戶真正要買的東西??蛻舨灰δ埽灰獌?yōu)勢(shì),他要的就是利益。
FAB的前提
在介紹產(chǎn)品、介紹方案、介紹公司、介紹服務(wù)時(shí),都可以用到FAB。就像武術(shù)中那一招黑虎掏心一樣,是個(gè)打把式賣藝的似乎都會(huì)FAB。它還有很多別名,如SAB、FABE、TFBR等等,但萬(wàn)變不離其宗。
所謂“F”(Features),即描述產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的性能及“功能”。如汽車的顏色是紅的,筆記本的重量是1.5公斤,燈泡有照明功能等等。如果描述的是方案,這里可以改S(Solutions)。
所謂“A”(Advantage),即描述產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的功能所帶來(lái)的“優(yōu)勢(shì)”。比如,紅色很時(shí)尚,1.5公斤很輕便等等。
所謂“B”(Benefit),即描述“優(yōu)勢(shì)”給客戶帶來(lái)的“利益”。比如,時(shí)尚可以讓你看起來(lái)像個(gè)成功人士,可以出去坑蒙拐騙;輕便可以讓你扛著不那么累等等。
要用好FAB,有個(gè)前提:在用之前必須了解客戶真正的需求。否則,最好不要去用,很容易雞同鴨講。如果客戶家的天花板是黑的,你不就麻煩了?有了需求,才能知道自己的哪個(gè)功能對(duì)應(yīng)哪個(gè)需求,也才能把自己的功能FAB化。
這是FAB最簡(jiǎn)單的應(yīng)用,也是我十幾年前剛知道FAB時(shí)的理解方式,普通產(chǎn)品銷售也就差不多夠用了。
高手如何用好FAB?
針對(duì)F
描述產(chǎn)品(方案、服務(wù)、公司)的功能一定要具體,不能籠統(tǒng)。比如,要說(shuō)“用了一種聚乙烯防水材料”,而不是說(shuō)“我們用了一種新材料”。
但是,“具體”不代表可以唆,因?yàn)榇蟛糠挚蛻舳疾欢垡蚁┎牧?,所以你就不要再去“唆”聚乙烯材料是怎么做出?lái)的等等??蛻粢赖氖乾F(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了,而不是手表是如何做出來(lái)的。當(dāng)然,完全不說(shuō)聚乙烯材料也不行,因?yàn)檫@是一種證據(jù),為了證明下面的優(yōu)勢(shì)(A)。缺了這一環(huán),信任往往不容易建立。
舉例:這種剃須刀采用了一種新型的刀片,這種刀片有三部分組成,刀架、刀身、刀頭;三個(gè)刀片組成一個(gè)螺旋式的架構(gòu),剃須時(shí)可以與臉部表面的契合點(diǎn)形成一個(gè)平面。
針對(duì)A
對(duì)于優(yōu)勢(shì)部分的表述,很多人都和上面案例中一樣,喜歡說(shuō)一大堆的形容詞,比如更快、更好、效率更高之類的話。對(duì)此部分的理解,還應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)以下幾點(diǎn):
1.A不是針對(duì)東西的(產(chǎn)品、公司、服務(wù)這些都是東西),它是針對(duì)人(客戶)的;而F是針對(duì)東西的。這是兩者的分界線;
2.A描述的是:你的東西是如何幫助客戶的,解決了他哪些方面的問(wèn)題,其實(shí)就是一個(gè)客戶如何使用你的產(chǎn)品解決問(wèn)題的描述。所以,單純的形容詞已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠了;
3.要解釋清楚A是如何滿足客戶的任務(wù)動(dòng)機(jī)的。任務(wù)動(dòng)機(jī)就是具有邏輯性、功能性和實(shí)用性的購(gòu)買動(dòng)機(jī)。這句話說(shuō)得很難懂,簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō),就是客戶買這東西是干嗎用的。買螺絲刀子就是為了上螺絲,買切菜刀就是為了做飯。A就是要說(shuō)清楚螺絲刀是如何上螺絲的。
舉例:
“(剃須刀)這種特別設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu),可以讓你(這里開(kāi)始說(shuō)人了)緊貼皮膚的表層,毫無(wú)縫隙。當(dāng)你慢慢推動(dòng)剃須刀時(shí),很容易深層次地剃掉胡須,不留殘?jiān)??!?/p>
針對(duì)B
利益有兩種描繪方式:
一是滿足任務(wù)動(dòng)機(jī)后所帶來(lái)的好處或避免的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如減少成本、增加利潤(rùn)、提高效率、增加產(chǎn)量等。注意,A說(shuō)的是如何滿足,而B說(shuō)的是滿足后帶來(lái)的利益。這個(gè)都可以歸結(jié)為“錢”的因素;
二是需求得到滿足后給客戶帶來(lái)的感覺(jué)。這是心理層面的意義,和錢關(guān)系不大。